An emissions trading scheme (ETS) is a system where the government sets a limit on how much greenhouse gas certain industries can release into the air. Each company within the industry gets a set number of permits that allow them to emit a certain amount. If a company doesn't use all its permits, it can sell the extra ones to other companies that need more.

On the other hand, a carbon tax is a government-imposed fee on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.

Feminisation refers to restructuring the minerals and energy industry to prioritize values, practices, and leadership styles traditionally associated with feminity or gender-equitable approaches such as inclusivity, sustainability, care for affected communities, and long-term ecological responsibility.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) are technologies designed to capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial activities or power generation, which are then either permanently stored underground or repurposed (for example, in enhanced oil recovery). Indonesia is currently exploring the development of several CCS/CCUS projects in collaboration with private sector partners such as BP, Pertamina, and ExxonMobil.

A vertically integrated company is a company that controls multiple stages of the same supply chain. In the energy sector, this may include exploration, production, transportation, refining, distribution, and retail.

Coal gasification is a process that turns coal into a mixture called syngas, a gas mixture primarily consisting of CO, H2, CO2, and H2O. Syngas can be processed further to make electricity, liquid fuels (like diesel), and chemicals (like methanol and ammonia)

An Onshore LNG Terminal is a land-based facility designed to receive, store, and regasify liquefied natural gas (LNG), typically featuring large storage tanks and pipelines with industrial or power infrastructure. In contrast, a Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) is a ship-based facility that performs the same function but operates offshore.

Petrochemicals are refined products derived from fossil fuels, such as methane, propane, butane, and other chemical feedstocks, which are further processed into essential materials like plastics, fertilizers, and synthetic fibers.